Anchoring of floor slabs is carried out during the construction of buildings from brick, aerated concrete or reinforced concrete. Such ceilings are installed between floors, above the basement, under the attics. Anchoring is carried out after the installation of ceilings on each floor, while the anchors are placed at a distance of up to three meters from each other, and they, in turn, act as a fastener for the mounted plates between themselves and from each of the walls.
Anchor is a metal fastener made of galvanized or stainless steel, brass or other metal alloy. It integrates into the base and fixes the supporting element of the building, such as a floor slab. Such fasteners are used during the construction of objects of various purposes. This can be one or multi-storey buildings, industrial buildings, garage structures, etc. Anchors significantly improve the strength and stability indicators, as well as extend the operational period of buildings. For seismically active regions, the slinging scheme is not only expedient, but also simply necessary, because with tremors with high amplitude, reinforced floors will fail more slowly, which will help save more than one human life.
Types of fasteners
Depending on the type of construction, place of use and the supporting element, 5 types of anchors can be distinguished:
- Wedge - bolts with a spacer sleeve and a conical hat. They are installed in dense structures such as concrete or solid brick. Anchoring is carried out due to friction of the sleeve against the hole in the bearing wall. Of the advantages of such an element, the speed and availability of the installation can be noted, and the disadvantage is that it cannot be reused.
- Bushing - by their principle of action are similar to wedge elements. They are also used for coupling full-bodied structures to each other. Their advantages are expressed in simple installation, including through installation, and too large holes for connection can be considered a minus.
- Clogged - bushings notched at one end. During mechanical impact (impact) on their surface, the sleeve is bursting with a wedge integrated into the part itself. This anchor is suitable for slinging solid, non-elastic building materials such as stone or concrete. The connection is due to friction and internal emphasis. The positive fact is that operational installation and resistance to mechanical stress are also observed here, but the difficulty is that in this case high demands are placed on the accuracy of the clearances for the joint.
- Chemical - glue the structure by pumping glue into the channel of the fixture. They are equally well suited for all materials. The advantages would be easy to install, and the obvious disadvantage is their high cost.
- Special Anchors - a separate category of fasteners, which, in turn, are divided into three subspecies: frame (for window and door profiles), ceiling (for suspended structures), foundation, as well as Molly designed for hollow inside or slightly bearing bases.
Sling process
The interfloor connection is the anchoring of hollow reinforced concrete panels, which is performed after each overlap, taking into account the attic and basement. In this case, the plates are connected to each other and to the supporting wall. The fixing scheme depends on the presence or absence on the floors of special mounting loops and the base itself. If the building is built of elements with high density, L-shaped fastenings are used for slinging, the bend length of which is 30 - 40 cm, and they are installed at a distance of 3 m from each other. Adjacent panels are fixed with transverse fasteners, and the extreme ones are diagonal.
The procedure for anchoring looks like this:
- the edge of the fastener is bent in the form of a loop for which the panel eye catches;
- adjacent anchors should tighten as much as possible, and then welded to each other and to the mounting loops;
- seams between panels and loops are closed with mortar mixture.
In buildings erected from hollow building materials, the foundation sling scheme is performed in the same way as in the previous case, but here it is necessary to lay a concrete belt around the perimeter of the building. This is the so-called ring anchor, which lies in the same plane with the ceilings, and it also fastens them between each other and with the walls. Such fasteners consist of a reinforced frame poured into concrete.
With the help of an anchor, the carrying panels are also ligated, which are not equipped with eyes, and then a square steel plate (50x50mm or 100x100mm) is attached to the plates, and a metal pin is welded to it already. Its second end is laid in a belt. The overlap is further strengthened by creating a connecting ligament on the inner wall. If it is necessary to strengthen the anchoring of reinforced concrete products, metal pins, reinforcement bars and hooks are used.
Scheme of device and fixing plates
Prior to installation, each panel is examined for defects and, if found, it is removed. In high-quality panels, holes are closed, for which a brick is placed in the lumen and poured with concrete, saving the slab from freezing. Next, control the preparation of supporting structures. In a brick house, the upper edge of the masonry should be bonded. In block buildings for slinging, it is necessary to provide a reinforced concrete belt, which will evenly distribute the load and prevent deformation of the building.
The beginning of laying the slabs is carried out on a layer of concrete mortar, the thickness of which does not exceed 2 cm. The panel is placed on two short sides. Between the wall and the slab leave a technological gap for the insulation material. To make sure that the floors are in the same plane with a difference of not more than 20 mm, use a level. All irregularities are aligned by laying insulation. The slinging process is carried out after laying all the plates.
Slabs equipped with hinges are fastened with metal rods, and after slinging, the eyes are poured with mortar to avoid the ingress of water, which will cause the metal elements to rust.
If there are no eyes, the slinging scheme is performed using a solid-cast concrete belt around the entire perimeter of the house. The latches of the external walls are additionally reinforced with metal pins.